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For gardeners wanting an alternative to chemical sprays, a soil-applied option is worth considering as a first step, and a good starting point is a range of slug nematodes for gardens suited to the pest in question.

Nematodes are microscopic roundworms that occur naturally in soil, and certain species have been developed for use against specific garden pests. Rather than acting as a broad chemical treatment, each nematode species is matched to a particular pest, seeking it out and interrupting its lifecycle with far less impact on the rest of the garden than a chemical spray.

Not every beneficial garden insect lives in a hive or a colony. Many UK bee species are solitary, nesting alone or in loose aggregations, and insects such as lacewings and ladybirds shelter individually or in small clusters, particularly over winter. An insect house gives these species something a tidy garden often lacks: safe, undisturbed nesting and overwintering space.

Birds need consistent feeding through frosty spells, when natural food sources are hardest to find and energy demands are highest. Keeping feeders topped up, and GardenWildlife providing water that is not frozen over, matters more in a hard frost than at almost any other point in the year; a small area gently melted with warm water is a better approach than breaking ice by force.

Fresh water for drinking and bathing rounds out a decent set-up. Gardeners building out their feeding station for the first time typically start with a good spread of bird feeders to cover the different food types birds look for.

Fish are worth thinking through carefully. Ornamental fish will happily eat frogspawn and tadpoles, so a pond intended mainly for amphibians is usually better left fish-free. Leaving some leaf litter to settle at the bottom over autumn also gives amphibians a place to shelter through the colder months.